Introductory Answers in Philosophy to Graduate School 2010

The file contains a synopsis of answers to 50 questions of introductory philosophy to graduate school.
1. The concept of worldview and its structure.
2. The origins of philosophy: mythology. The difference between philosophy and mythology.
3. The origins of philosophy: religion. The difference between philosophy and religion.
4. Features of philosophical knowledge. The main question of philosophy.
5. Philosophy in the system of culture. The functions of philosophy. Philosophy and Science.
6. The world and man in ancient philosophy.
7. Peace and man in the philosophy of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
8. Scientific revolution of the XVII century and the problem of the method of cognition (F. Bacon, R. Descartes). Philosophy of Spinoza and Leibniz.
9. The essence of the philosophy of the Enlightenment. Enlightening interpretation of a person.
10. Classical German philosophy: Kant.
11. Classical German philosophy: Hegel.
12. Classical German philosophy: Feuerbach.
13. Domestic philosophy about the world and man.
14. The fate of Russia in the views of P.Ya. Chaadaev, Westernizers, Slavophiles, populists and Marxists.
15. Russian "spiritual renaissance".
16. Marxist philosophy about the world, society and man.
17. Classical and non-classical philosophy about the world and man.
18. The cult of scientific and technical reason and its opponents. Scientism and anti-scientism.
19. Existentialism.
20. Features of the religious philosophy of the XX century.
21. Neopositivism.
22. The concept of being. Types of being. The specifics of human existence.
23. The concept of matter: Modern science of the complex systemic organization of matter.
24. The concepts of motion, space and time
25. Consciousness. The problem of the ideal.
26. The origin of consciousness. The social nature of consciousness. Consciousness and language.
27. Consciousness and self-awareness.
28. Structural connections of being and their types. The principle of consistency.
29. Dialectics of quantitative and qualitative changes.
30. Unity and struggle of opposites.
31. Relations of determination. Mechanistic and dialectical determinism.
32. Denial of denial. Development and progress.
33. The concept of nature. Specificity of the biological form of matter. Life as a value. Anroposociogenesis.
34. Natural and social in man. Human biology in the era of scientific and technological revolution.
35. Activity, behavior, practice. Forms of practice.
36. The problem of truth. Absolute and relative truth. Truth criteria.
37. Subject and object of knowledge. The unity of the sensual and the rational in cognition.
38. Science as a specialized form of knowledge. Forms and methods of scientific knowledge.
39. The concept of value. The nature of values. Types of values.
40. Axiology and modernity. Human civilization as a value.
41. The concept of creativity. Types of creativity. The role of intuition in the creative process.
42. The concept of personality. Personality as a unity of social and individual.
43. The problem of freedom. Individual freedom and responsibility.
44. Value orientation and meaning of human existence.
45. Society as a unity of the objective and the subjective. The specificity of social laws and their difference from the laws of nature.
46. ​​Society as an integral and functioning system. The main spheres of society, their relationship.
47. Determinism in the history of society. Materialistic and idealistic understanding of history.
48. The meaning of history. Formational and civilizational approaches to the history of society.
49. Philosophical concept of culture. Culture and society. Man in the world of culture. Russia in the Dialogue between the Cultures of the West and the East.
50. Civilization and culture. Problems and prospects of modern civilization.